Pain conditions that occur during sexual intercourse, mainly pain outside the vagina, vagina or lower abdomen are the main symptoms. It includes sexual pain and the consequent inability to have sexual intercourse, which can be caused by psychological or physiological reasons.

Vaginal dryness
When estrogen levels are low, vaginal secretions decrease, leading to dryness and discomfort, which can cause pain during sexual intercourse.

Narrow vaginal opening
Some individuals are born with a relatively narrow vaginal opening, making them more prone to tearing during intercourse. After vaginal delivery, overly tight suturing can also lead to scar tissue formation, resulting in pain during sexual intercourse.

Vaginal infections
Conditions such as yeast infections or atrophic vaginitis can cause discomfort in the perineal area and lead to painful sexual intercourse.

Vaginismus
During intercourse, the pelvic floor muscles around the vagina involuntarily contract strongly and persistently, narrowing the vaginal opening and causing pain, which can prevent penile penetration.
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‍Endometriosis
‍Endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus—such as on the uterine wall, ovaries, abdominal cavity, or peritoneum—leading to deep pain when these areas are compressed during intercourse.
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‍Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
‍After pathogens enter the vagina, they may spread to the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and other organs, causing inflammation and abdominal pain.

Pelvic floor myofascial pain
Poor posture, childbirth-related tears, or direct trauma can lead to dysfunction and stiffness of the pelvic floor muscles, making the nervous system more sensitive to pain. This can result in lower abdominal pain, frequent urination, and painful intercourse.

Psychological factors
Past negative experiences may make it difficult to relax during subsequent sexual activity, leading to pelvic floor muscle tightening and spasms.

Before engaging in sexual intercourse, partners should communicate openly and prepare adequately. Using an appropriate amount of lubricants, playing relaxing music, and creating a comfortable, pleasant atmosphere can help. Proceed gradually to make the experience smoother. Couples may also consider attending counseling or relationship courses to learn more about sexual health and emotional intimacy.
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Medications
Estrogen ointment, which should be confirmed by a doctor without contraindications.
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Vaginal laser therapy
Helps thicken the vaginal mucosal tissue and increase moisture, improving dryness and vaginal atrophy. It may also help prevent recurrent vaginal infections and maintain intimate health.
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PRP injection therapy
Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP), which contains a high concentration of growth factors, can regulate tissue repair and regeneration, promote angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels), and stimulate new collagen production—helping to improve vaginal dryness.
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If the vaginal opening is narrow due to congenital structure or acquired atrophy, surgical procedures can be performed to widen the opening.